id? r? d substandard in many parts? f th? Unit? d Stat? s, larg? lyb? caus? ? f th? crusad? that t? ach? rs had c? nduct? d against it, th? ugh it c? ntinu? s t? ? ccur rath? r wid? ly in uns? lfc? nsci? us sp ?? ch? n all s? cial l? v? ls. Many sp? llings and rim? s in? ur? ld? r lit? ratur? t? stify t? th? ? rth? d? xy? f what is p? pularly call? d dr? pping th? g -in ph? n? l? gical t? rms, using d? ntal [n] inst? ad? f v? lar [?], f? r th? r? is? f c? urs? n? [g] t? b? dr? pp? d. F? R instanc? , Swift wr? T? th? c? upl? ts S ?? th? n what m? rtals plac? th? ir bliss in!/N? xt m? rn b? tim? s th? brid? was missing (Phyllis) and th? d? licat? His j? Rdan [chamb? r p? t] st ?? d in mann? r fitting/B? tw ?? n his l? gs, t? sp? w? r spit in (Cassinus and P? t? r). Inv? rs? sp? llings such as Shak? sp? ar? s cushings (cushi? ns), jav? lings (jav? lins), and napking (napkin) t? ll th? sam? st? ry (cit? d by K? k? ritz, Shak? sp? ar? s Pr? nunciati? n).
D? V? L? PM? NTS? F TH? C? NS? NANTIC SYST? M DURING M? D? RN? NGLISH.
During th? p? ri? d? f M? d? rn? nglish n? n-gr? at? r chang? s? ccurr? d, in c? ntrast with th? ? v? luti? n fr? m? ld? nglish t? Middl? ? nglish.
. R? gular? v? luti? n
MIDDL? ? NGLISHM? D? RN? NGLISH? X./p// t// k// b// d// g// t?// D?// F// s//?// V// z//?//?// H// m// n//?// L// r// w// j//p// t// k// b//d// g// t?// d?// f// s//?// V// z//?//?// H// m// n//?// L// r// w// j/Pa?/Path/Path Tung?/T? Ng?/T? Ngu? K?/C? U/C? W B? D? (n)/Bid D? i/Dai/Day G ?? s/G ?? s? Ch? S? (n)/Ch? s? (n)/C? s? Brigg?/Brugg?/Bridg? F? D? r/Fath? r S? nd? (n)/S? nd Pa?/Path Vinagr?/Vin? gar N? s?/N? Ys?/N? S? ? ?/Th?/Th? Sh? ld/Sh? ld (?)/Shi? ld H? s/H? us?/H? Ws/H? Us? M? N?/M ?? n/M ?? n N? M?/Naym?/Nam? Syng? (n)/Singin/Sing L? y? (n)/Lay R? d (?)/R ?? d/R? d W? y (?)/W? i/Way? ? ? ng/Y? ng/Yung?/Y? Ung
. C? Ns? Nant chang? s during M? d? rn? nglish [50, 208c.] .. SP? CIFIC CHANG? S
Th? app? aranc? ? f 2 n? w ph? n? m? s /?/and /?/.
- /?/lik? all? ph? n? ? f [n] b? f? r? [k]? r [g], but lat? r [g] disapp? ar in th? gr? up [? g] at th? ? nd and [?] acquir? d ph? n? tic valu?.
- /?/(XVII c? ntury) is th? r? sult? f th? c? mbinati? n? f [zj] in middl? p? siti? n that is n? t mark? d. It can b? c? ntrast? d with its v? ic? l? ss? quival? nt /? /.
- /?/This f? rm was incr? as? d wh? n it adapt? d in final p? siti? n f? r th? Fr? nch l? anw? rds: b? ig? , Garag? , R? Ug?...
Chang? s:
- [d] gt; [?] b? tw ?? nv? cal and syllabic r ([r]? r [? r]) (m? d? r/m ?? d? r/m? th? r; w? d? r/w? ath? r ...)
- Th? r? is a ph? n? tic chang? ? f natur? ? f [r], falling in s? m? dial? cts aft? r [?]? r l? ng v? w? ls.
- [t] gt; [r] p? tag? gt; p? rridg?
- [s] and [t] gt; [?] in w? rds such as passi? n? r nati? n.
B. TH? PR? C? SS? S C? NTINU?
1. V? Icing
[f] gt; [v], [? ] gt; [? ], [S] gt; [z]
Sinc? th? primitiv? G? rmanic, fricativ? s w? r? v? ic? d b? tw ?? n v? ic? d? l? m? nts in middl? p? siti? n, but ph? n? ticians, in th? b? ginnings? f M? d? rn? nglish f? und alt? rnati? ns b? tw ?? n v? ic? d and unv? ic? d:
N? ph? w: [n? vju (:)] and [n? fju]
In M? d? rn? nglish, v? icing is? xt? nd? d t? initial p? siti? n: it is cl? arly sh? w? d in th? ? rth? graphi? s f/v and s/z and with? ut? rth? graphic? vid? nc? in th? cas? ? f [? ]; but with? ut r? aching? ut t? crystalliz? in M? d? rn? nglish.th? XIV c? ntury (Middl?? nglish) b? gins th? t? nd? ncy t? v? icing? f fricativ? s in final p? siti? n n? n mark? d if th? n? xt? l? m? nt was v? ic? d:
P? nsif gt; p? nsiv?
2. Simplificati? N? F c? Ns? Nants
- Final [b] falls in th? gr? up [mb]: lamb, dumb ... (by anal? gy it is intr? duc? a final b in th? w? rds that hadn t any: lim gt; limb)
- [d] falls in th? gr? up [nd]:? x. Th? Usand, always that th? w? rd isn t f? ll? w? d by a syllabic c? ns? nant: bundl?
- [g] Falls aft? r th? appariti? n? f a n? w ph? n? m? [?] And falls in th? gr? up [gn] t ??: gnat, gnash ...
- [l] falls b? tw ?? n [a:], [?:], [? u] and [k], [f], [v], [m], [p], [b]: talk, half, ...
