n? fath? r n? r m? th? r K? l?:Wana ati la sang? la nyang? Drums: H L L H L H H L L Hfurth? r alt? rnativ? t? sp ?? ch s? unds is whistling, which is us? d t? c? mmunicat? acr? ss distanc? s? f up t? 5 kil? M? tr? s acr? ss thinly p? pulat? d c? untry, f? r? xampl? by sh? ph? rds? r by hunt? rs, in parts? f th? gl? b? ranging fr? m M? xic? t? Burma t? th? Canari? s. Whistl? languag? s d? n? t c? nv? rt sp ?? ch s? unds t? high and l? w n? t? s, but substitut? particular n? t? s f? r? ach v? w? l with c? ns? nants giv? n by transiti? ns b? tw ?? n th? v? w? ls. B? Th drumming and whistling c? Nv? rt sp? k? n languag? int? a diff? r? nt m? dium rath? r than b? ing an ind? p? nd? nt f? rm in th? ir? wn right. In? Th? r w? rds, th? y ar? lik? M? Rs? c? d? ? r sh? rthand in b? ing parasitic? n sp? k? n languag?.tru? alt? rnativ? t? sp ?? ch is, h? w? v? r, f? und in th? languag? s us? d by th? d? af, which inv? lv? g? stur? s rath? r than s? unds and ar? capabl? ? f c? mmunicating as c? mpl? x id? as thr? ugh as c? mpl? x structur? s as any? th? r human languag?. Tak? tw? signs fr? m British Sign Languag? (BSL). Th? sign f? r w? man is th? ind? x fing? r? f th? right hand str? king th? right ch ?? k; th? sign f? r? ngland is th? tw? hands in fr? nt? f th? ch? st with th? tw? ind? x fing? rs str? tch? d? ut h? riz? ntally m? ving t? and fr ?, fr? m l? ft t? right. ? s? g? stur? s ar? just as difficult t? d? scrib? in w? rds as th? s? unds? f sp ?? ch. F? R th? g? stur? s? f d? af languag? ar? ? rganis? d in th? sam? way as th? s? unds? f sp ?? ch. Just as th? ? rgan making th? sp ?? ch s? unds, such as th? t? ngu? , N ?? ds t? b? sp? cifi? d s? d? ? s th? shap? ? f th? hand, with 51 diff? r? nt handshap? s p? ssibl? in BSL. Th? n, as f? r pl? siv? s and fricativ? s and diphth? ngs, th? typ? s? f m? v? m? nt n ?? d t? b? d? scrib? d, s? m? 37 f? R BSL. As with th? v? w? l spac? insid? th? m? uth, th? l? cati? n wh? r? th? sign is mad? n ?? ds t? b? sp? cifi? d, including in BSL nin? p? siti? ns? n th? fac? and f? ur? n th? n? ck and trunk. S? M? tim? s th? sam? sign has diff? r? nt m? anings if pr? duc? d at a diff? r? nt l? v? l, just as a/p/is diff? r? nt fr? m a/k /. Thus sign languag? has all th? n? rmal p? ssibiliti? s? f th? ph? n? l? gical syst? m? f human languag? s.languag? s sh? uld n? t th? n b? c? nfus? d with natural g? stur? syst? ms bas? d? n mim?. Many d? af languag? signs may hav? ? riginat? d in natural g? stur? s: th? BSL sign f? R bird is th? fing? r and thumb? f th? right hand? p? ning and cl? sing at n? s? l? v? l, cl? arly r? pr? s? nting a b? ak. M? St signs hav? , H? W? v? r, b? c? m? pur? ly arbitrary; th? sign f? r? ngland m? nti? n? d ab? v? f? r? xampl? is a r? m? t? d? sc? ndant? f a fing? r-sp? lling sign rath? r than any r? c? gnisabl? shap?. S? M? tim? s fanciful? rigins f? r signs hav? b ?? n d? vis? d. Th? BSL ch ?? k str? king sign f? r w? man has b ?? n? xplain? d vari? usly as curls? n a w? man s ch ?? k, b? nn? t strings, and s? ft ch ?? k. Y? t a hundr? d y? ar ag? th? sign was str? king th? lips, sh? wing that n? n? ? f th? s? ? xplanati? ns can b? right. ? th? r? may b? s? m? visual links b? tw ?? n s? m? signs and what th? y m? an, th? s? ar? n? t much cl? s? r than th? s? b? tw ?? n natural s? unds and th? s? unds? f sp ?? ch. Ind ?? d? th? rwis? th? r? w? uld n? t b? larg? diff? r? nc? s b? tw ?? n th? diff? r? nt sign languag? s? f th? w? rld, wh? th? r Chin? s? Sign Languag? , British Sign Languag? ,? R Fr? nch Sign Languag?. ? v? n within a singl? c? untry such as Franc? ? r? ngland th? r? ar? str? ng dial? ct diff? r? nc? s. Sign us? rs fr? m diff? r? nt r? gi? ns may n? t und? rstand? ach? th? r c? mpl? t? ly. D? af m? mb? rs? f a th? atr? audi? nc? in Manch? st? r f? r? xampl? c? mplain? d that th? y c? uld n? t und? rstand th? BSL int? rpr? t? r? f a play b? caus? h? was n? t using th? signs curr? nt in that city [54, 59c.]. chapt? r has th? n sh? wn that th? s? und syst? m? f a languag? c? nsists? n th? ? n? hand? f particular int? nati? n patt? rns,? n th? ? th? r? f a c? rtain numb? r? f ph? n? m? s. Th? actual s? unds ar? limit? d by what th? ? rgans? f sp ?? ch can d? and by univ? rsal fact? rs such as distinctiv? f? atur? s and s? n? rity. ? v? n wh? n languag? s hav? th? sam? s? unds, th? y us? th? m in sp? cific ways acc? rding t? th? ir? wn syst? ms. It is th? m? aningful c? ntrasts b? tw ?? n th? s? unds that ar? imp? rtant - High Ris? J? Hn v? rsus High Fall J? hn,? r g? t v? rsus c? t - n? t th? sh ?? r s? unds ...
