? n? may h? ad a c? mmitt ?? , Sh? Uld? r? r? lb? w? n? s way thr? ugh a cr? wd, hand in? n? s pap? rs, fing? r? n? s c? llar, thumb a rid? , Back? N? s car, l? g it al? ng, shin up a tr ?? , F ?? t a bill, t? ? a mark, and tipt? ? thr? ugh th? tulips-with? ut any m? dificati? n? ff? rm such as w? uld b? n? c? ssary in? th? r languag? s, such as G? rman, in which th? suffix - (?) n is a n? c? ssary part? f all infinitiv? s. It w? Uld n? T hav? b ?? n p? ssibl? t? shift w? rds thus in? ld? nglish tim? s? ith? r, wh? n infinitiv? s? nd? d in - (a) n? r -ian. But M? D? rn? nglish d? ? s it with th? gr? at? st? as? ; t? cit? a f? w n? nanat? mical? xampl? s, t? c? ntact, t? chair (a m ?? ting), t? t? l? ph? n? , T? dat? , T? impact, t? park, t? pr? p? siti? n, and t? M.C. (? r? mc ??). ? rbs may als? b? us? d as n? uns. ? n? may, f? r instanc? , Tak? a walk, a run, a driv? , A spin, a cut, a stand, a br? ak, a turn,? r a l ?? k. A n? w? r? xampl? is wrap a sandwich mad? ? f a s? ft t? rtilla r? ll? d ar? und a filling. N? Uns ar? just as fr ?? ly us? d as m? difi? rs: h? ad b ?? kk ?? p? r, handl? bar mustach? , St? N? wall, and d? sign? r lab? l, wh? nc? d? sign? r wat? r b? ttl? d wat? r. Adj? ctiv? s and participl? s ar? us? d as n? uns-f? r instanc? , C? Mm? rcial sal? s spi? l? n TV? r radi ?, f? rmals? v? ning cl? th? s, cl? ricals cl? rgyman s str ?? t c? stum? , D? v? ti? nal sh? rt pray? r s? rvic? subsidiary t? s? m? ? th? r activity, privat? n? nc? mmissi? n? d s? ldi? r,? ld? r, painting, and? arnings. ? ctiv? s may als? b? c? nv? rt? d int? v? rbs, as with b? tt? r, r? und, tam? , And r? Ugh. ? v? n adv? rbs and c? njuncti? ns ar? capabl? ? f c? nv? rsi? n, as in th? whys and th? wh? r? f? r? s, but m? n? buts (with but as v? rb and n? un), and ins and? uts. Th? attributiv? us? ? f in and? ut, as in inpati? nt and? utpati? nt, is quit? ? ld. ? adj? ctival us? ? f in m? aning fashi? nabl? ? r influ? ntial, as in th? in thing and th? in gr? up, is r? c? nt, h? w? v? r. Th? adj? ctival us? ? f th? adv? rb n? w m? aning? f th? pr? s? nt tim? , As in th? n? w king, dat? s fr? m th? fift ?? nth c? ntury, wh? r? as th? m? aning m? d? rn, and h? nc? fashi? nabl? , As in th? n? w g? n? rati? n, is a pr? duct? f m? r? r? c? nt tim? s. ? v? rbs may b? mad? fr? m? ld? r intransitiv? ? n? s, as has happ? n? d fairly r? c? ntly with sh? p (Sh? p? ur Fabul? us Sal? N? w in Pr? gr? ss), sl ?? p (H? r [a cruising yacht s] d? sign? r has claim? d that sh? can sl ?? p six), and l ?? k (What ar? w? l ?? king h? r? ?) .g ?? d many c? mbinati? ns? fv? rbs and adv? rbs-f? r instanc? , Sl? W d? Wn, ch? ck up, fill in furnish with a backgr? und sk? tch, br? ak d? wn analyz? , And s? t up-ar? ? asily c? nv? rtibl? int? n? uns, th? ugh usually with shift? d str? ss, as in t? ch? ck up c? ntrast? d with a ch? ckup. S? M? such c? mbinati? ns ar? als? us? d as adj? ctiv? s, as in sit-d? wn strik? , Sit-in d? m? nstrati? n, and driv?-thr? ugh t? ll? r.with th? v? rb-adv? rb c? mbinati? ns, a shift? f str? ss is s? m? tim? s inv? lv? d wh? n v? rbs, adj? ctiv? s, and n? uns shift functi? ns-c? mpar? ups? t (v? rb) and ups? t (n? un), pr? duc? (v? rb) and pr? duc? (n? un), p? rf? ct (adj? ctiv?) and p? rf? ct (v? rb). N? T all sp? ak? rs mak? th? functi? nal str? ss distincti? n in w? rds lik? ally and addr? ss, but many d ?. S? M? w? rds wh? s? functi? ns us? d t? b? distinguish? d by shift? f str? ss s ?? m t? b? l? sing th? distincti? n. P? rfum? as a n? un is n? w? ft? n str? ss? d? n th? s? c? nd syllabl? , And a building c? Ntract? R r? gularly c? ntracts t? build a h? us?.? n? f N? w W? rds? f th? vari? us kinds? f w? rd making ar? th? m? st pr? lific s? urc? s? f n? w w? rds t? day? ? n? study? f n? w w? rds? v? r th? fifty-y? ar p? ri? d 1941-1991 f? und that th? p? rc? ntag? s? f n? w w? rds w? r? as f? ll? ws f? r th? maj? r typ? s:? P? rc? nt? mp? unding 40? n 2817? rt? ning 8? nding 5? rr? wing 2? ating b? l? w 0.5? w w? rds fr? m? ld 245
? th? r studi? s hav? f? und variabl? p? rc? ntag? s am? ng th? typ? s, but th? r? is c? nsid? rabl? agr ?? m? nt that n? wadays? nglish f? rms m? st? f its n? w w? rds by c? mbining m? rph? m? s alr? ady in th? languag?. C? Mp? Unding and affixati? N acc? Unt f? R tw? -thirds? F? Ur n? w w? rds. M? St? F th? ? th? rs ar? th? r? sult? f putting? ld w? rds t? n? w us? s? r sh? rt? ning? r bl? nding th? m. L? Anw? Rds b? Rr? W? d fr? m? th? r languag? s (c? nsid? r? d in th? n? xt chapt? r), alth? ugh? nc? a fr? qu? nt s? urc? ? f n? w w? rds, is? f r? lativ? ly min? r imp? rt...
