d, eg flu (from influenza), tec (from detective), fridge (from refrigerator), etc.It must be stressed that acronyms and clipping are the main ways of word-creation most active in present-day English. The peculiarity of both types of words is that they are structurally simple, semantically non-motivated and give rise to new root-morphemes. [4] The oldest group of graphical abbreviations in English is of Latin origin. In Russian this type of abbreviation is not typical. In these abbreviations in the spelling Latin words are shortened, while orally the corresponding English equivalents are pronounced in the full form, eg for example (Latin exampli gratia), am - in the morning (ante meridiem), No -number (numero), pa- A year (per annum), d - penny (dinarius), lb - pound (libra), i. e.- That is (id est) etc. Some graphical abbreviations of Latin origin have different English equivalents in different contexts, eg pm can be pronounced in the afternoon (post meridiem) and after death (post mortem) .There are also graphical abbreviations of native origin, where in the spelling we have abbreviations of words and word-groups of the corresponding English equivalents in the full form. We have several semantic groups of them:
a) days of the week, e.g. Mon - Monday, Tue - Tuesday etc.
b) names of months, e.g. Apr - April, Aug - August etc.) names of counties in UK, eg Yorks - Yorkshire, Berks -Berkshire etc.) names of states in USA, eg Ala - Alabama, Alas - Alaska etc.) names of address, eg Mr., Mrs., Ms., Dr. etc.) military ranks, e.g. capt.-captain, col.- Colonel, sgt - sergeant etc.) scientific degrees, eg B.A.- Bachelor of Arts, D.M.- Doctor of Medicine. (Sometimes in scientific degrees we have abbreviations of Latin origin, eg, MB - Medicinae Baccalauras).) Units of time, length, weight, eg f./Ft -foot/feet, sec.- Second, in.-inch, mg.-milligram etc. [5] The reading of some graphical abbreviations depends on the context, eg m can be read as: male, married, masculine, metre, mile, million, minute, lp can be read as long-playing, low pressure.Initialisms are the bordering case between graphical and lexical abbreviations. When they appear in the language, as a rule, to denote some new offices they are closer to graphical abbreviations because orally full forms are used, eg J.V.- Joint venture. When they are used for some duration of time they acquire the shortened form of pronouncing and become closer to lexical abbreviations, eg BBC is as a rule pronounced in the shortened form.
In some cases the translation of initialisms is next to impossible without using special dictionaries. Initialisms are denoted in different ways. Very often they are expressed in the way they are pronounced in the language of their origin, eg ANZUS (Australia, New Zealand, United States) is given in Russian as АНЗУС, SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) was for a long time used in Russian as COJIT, now a translation variant is used (ОСВ -Договір про обмеження стратегічних озброєнь). This type of initialisms borrowed into other languages ??is preferable, eg UFO -НЛО, СП-JVetc.There are three types of initialisms in English :) initialisms with alphabetical reading, such as UK, BUP, CND etcb) initialisms which are read as if they are words, eg UNESCO, UNO, NATO etc.) initialisms which coincide with English words in their sound form, such initialisms are called acronyms, eg CLASS (Computor-based Laboratory for Automated School System) .Some scientists unite groups b) and c) into one group which they call acronyms. Some initialisms can form new words in which they act as root morphemes by different ways of word-building: a) affixation, eg AWALism, ex-rafer, ex- POW, to waafize, AIDSophobia etc.) conversion, eg to raff, to fly IFR (Instalment Flight Rules),) composition, eg STOLport, USAFman etc.) there are also compound-shortened words where the first component is an initial abbreviation with the alphabetical reading and the second one is a complete word, eg A-bomb, U-pronunciation, V -day etc. in some cases the first component is a complete word and the second component is an initial abbreviation with the alphabetical pronunciation, eg Three -Ds (Three dimensions). [6] Abbreviation of words consists in clipping a part of a word. As a result we get a new lexical unit where either the lexical meaning or the style is different form the full form of the word. In such cases as fantasy and fancy raquo ;, fence and defence we have different lexical meanings. In such cases as laboratory and lab we have different styles.Abbreviation does not change the part-of-speech meaning, as we have it in the case of conversion or affixation, it produces words belonging to the same part of speech as the primary word, eg prof is a noun and professor is also a noun. Mostly nouns undergo abbreviation, but we can also meet abbreviation of verbs, such as ...
