s why it is not so well assimilated as wine.and chart В«морехідна картаВ» go back to L. carta. They differ in form and in meaning as they came into the English language in different ways and periods. Card came directly from Latin; chart came through French where it changed its graphical and phonetical form.doublets camera and chamber also came into the English language in different ways:
. International words
English words became international: management, dealer, broker, impeachment, football, volleyball, etc. (Cf. Russian words of English origin: менеджмент, брокер, дилер, імпічмент, футбол, волейбол). Many of the few Celtic words which make the oldest layer of the English vocabulary became world-famous: budget
7. The Structure of English Words and Word-building. Affixation
is replenished not only due to borrowing units from other languages, but also due to word-building.
Morphemes. Types of Morphemes.
Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit. There are two types of morphemes distinguished according to their role in the morphological structure of the word: 1) root morphemes (as work - in worker) and 2) affixational morphemes.are two types of affixational morphemes: 1) word-building (derivational ) morphemes (as er - in worker) and form-building (grammatical) morphemes (as - s in works). Lexicology takes interest in word-building morphemes.can be free or bound. Morphemes coinciding with words are free morphemes (bad, child - in сhildish). The majority of root morphemes are free. Affixational morphemes are always bound morphemes (childish, readable). An example of a boubd root morpheme is prob - in probable.can exist in different sound forms, which are termed allomorphs. Allomorphs result from processes of phonetical assimilation. Here are some examples. The negative prefix in - has the following allomorphs: im - (impossible), ir - (irregular), il - (illiterate). Morphemes can also have allomorphs, cf.: Hero ['hiqrou], heroine [' herouin], heroism ['herouizm], heroic [hi'rouik]; [plJz], pleasure [' pleZq], pleasant ['pleznt]. morphemes are on halfway from words to morphemes. Such morphemes are termed semi-affixes: waterproof В«водонепроникнийВ», soundproof В«звуконепроникнийВ», kissproof В«не залишає слідів при поцілункуВ» (про губну помаду), foolproof В«дуже зрозумілий, простийВ». p align="justify"> Structural types of words.
According to the number of morphemes in a word we distinguish between monomorphemic words consisting of one root morpheme (root words) and polymorphemic words. Polymorphemic words include derived words (derivatives) and compound words. Derived words (derivatives) consist of a root morpheme and one or more affixational morphemes. Compound words consist of two or more root morphemes, eg a do-it-yourself club (В«гуртокВ« умілі руки »»), a round-world cruise, a black-and-white film. Thus in the English vocabulary there are three main types of words: 1) root words, 2) derivatives, 3) compound words.take the first place in number in the vocabulary, but root words make the backbone of the English vocabulary. In speech root words prevail as they are very important, they have a variety of meanings and a high lexical valency. For instance you could recall a lot of combinations including the root word get: to get a letter, to get ill, to get tired, to get hope, to get to the station, etc. p align="justify"> Morphological analysis.
To understand a word we must see how it is built, ie we fulfil its morphological analysis. Morphological analysis can be effected in 2 ways:
) morphemic analysis. The aim of morphemic analysis is to establish the number and type of morphemes in the word. Child-ish has two morphemes: the free root morpheme child - and the affixational word-building bound morpheme - ish;
) derivational analysis. The aim of derivational analysis is to learn the derivational (word-building) history of the word, ie to know how these morphemes joined each other. Derivational analysis shows that the first В«stoneВ» in building
the word childish was its root morpheme child-Then the affixational morpheme ish - joined it.history of other words is more complicated. For instance in the derivational analysis of the word disagreeable the problem we face is which of the derivational affixes (prefix or suffix) was the first to join the root morpheme - agree-To answer the question we must study word-building pattern...
