He ran faster and faster.are some adverbs which may modify nouns or words of nominal character, functioning as attribute, as in: the way ahead, the trip abroad, the journey home, his return home, the sentence above (below), my friend here, the house opposite, the day before, etc.some combinations the adverbs modifying a noun become adjectivized, eg the then Prime Minister, in the above examples, in after
years and some others. groups of adverbs, namely, viewpoint, attitudinal and formulaic ones, modify whole sentences.phrases of words can also perform the function of an adverb. If the phrase contains a subject and a verb, it is called an adverbial clause..g. When the bus arrived, we were able to start our journeyphrase, when the bus comes raquo ;, contains a subject ( the bus ) and a verb ( comes ), and it modifies the sentence verb, able .the phrase does not contain a subject and verb, then it is called an adverbial phrase..g. In the morning, we started our journey. We started in the morning.the both sentences, the phrase in the morning modifies the verb started by telling us when the journey was started. In this example, the adverbial phrase is also a prepositional phrase. 1.4 Parenthetical adverbs and their peculiarities
). The peculiarities of parenthetical adverbsadverbs are adverbs that don t change the meaning of the sentence. They are often used at the beginning of the sentence.most common parenthetical adverbs are the following: however, still, indeed, yet, moreover, furthermore, likewise, namely, accordingly, nevertheless, consequently, anyhow..g .: Most demonstrators were exhausted namely two were carried to the hospital..g .: Fortunately, all people returned home in peace.parenthetical adverbs are separated by commas. Logically speaking, they don t add any meaning to the sentence. For example, perhaps is usually not separated by commas, because it's essential to the meaning. Parenthetical adverbs can also be called modal adverbs or sentence adverbs.
Let s analyse the varieties of parenthetic:
1) Speech act adverbs: honestly, etc.
Provide a comment on the manner in which the main speech act was executed.
2) Connectives: therefore, so, etc.
Specify how the current speech act (and/or its content) relates with the current discourse.
3) Agentives (subject-oriented): kindly, etc.
Comment on an agent s attitude in bringing about a certain state of affairs.
4) Evaluatives: fortunately, etc. [7, p. 27]
Provide a comment on the speaker s appreciation of the semantic content.
). Evaluative adverbs as subtype of parenthetical adverbs
Evaluative adverbs belong to the class of parenthetical adverbs, together with speech act adverbs (eg honestly), agentive adverbs (so-called subject oriented, eg kindly), and connectives (eg therefore). Parenthetical expressions are constituents whose semantic contribution does not get inserted in the main semantic content. Rather, they provide some sort of comment on either (part of) the content of the clause or the speech act as a whole. In the case of evaluative adverbs, this is shown clearly by examples such as (1) and (2). In (1a), where the adverb occurs inside the antecedent of a conditional, it is intuitively clear that the presence of the adverb does not modify what condition is expressed; compare (1b), where the quasi-synonymous evaluative adjective has a quite different effect. [8, p. 188]
a. If, unfortunately, Paul goes and sees Marie, she will be furious.
b. If, it is unfortunate that Paul met Marie, it is tragic that he insulted her.
This data suggests that evaluatives and other parentheticals have a distinct illocutionary status that sets them apart from ordinary constituents.existing descriptions of parenthetical expressions hypothesize a strict correlation between the special illocutionary status of parentheticals and a special prosodic status:parentheticals are supposed to receive a so-called comma intonation, which may be modelled by saying that they form a distinct prosodic phrase. Such a description might be correct for some kinds of parenthetical expressions. For instance, it seems that appositive relative clauses are both illocutionarily and prosodically distinct from restrictive relative clauses.
(2) a. Did Paul hire the author Mary likes?
b. Did Paul hire the author, who Mary likes? This shows that the situation is different in the case of adverbs: for adverbs, illocutionary parenthetical status is a lexical property, that is independent of prosody. That is, most adve...
