rbs can receive either an integrated or a comma -type prosody, irrespective of their illocutionary status. This is exemplified in (3) with a sample of parenthetical (connective, evaluative, agentive) adverbs and in (4) with a sample of nonparentheticals (modal, frequency, manner).
(3) a. Nevertheless, my brother came.
b. Fortunately, my brother came.. My brother kindly came.
(4) a. My brother probably came.
b. My brother came often.
My brother came quickly.
This data shows that we need to make a strict distinction between the illocutionary status and the prosodic properties of an adverb.is a large consensus that evaluatives provide a commentary on content, rather than being part of the content of the sentence. This is challenged by Bach, who contrasts evaluatives (which he calls assesives) both with adverbs such as modals and with a number of expressions which he classifies as utterance modifiers (usually called speech act modifiers). The reason is that, although they differ from modals in contributing a different proposition from the main one, they can be found in embedded sentences, as in (1), which prevents them from being considered utterance modifiers. However, Bach himself does not propose an explicit analysis. The first question is: what is the status of the commentary? and the second one: how can it be implemented in a formal grammar? As to their status, evaluatives have been considered either to constitute a speech act, independent of the main one, or to convey conventional implicatures.two speech act analysis can not be maintained. It shows that the utterance of a parenthetical (an in particular, an evaluative) does not have full assertoric force. Evaluatives can express commitments of an agent distinct from the speaker, at least in reportive contexts.
Chapter 2. Meaning and functions of adverbs in the novel
White Fang by Jack London
this course paper, we attempt to distinguish different forms and functions of the adverbs. In order to do this, we need to learn not only rules but its practical application in discourse. For this we took the novel White Fang by Jack London. Adverbs comprise a most heterogeneous group of words. They have many kinds of form, meaning and function. So we observe different types of adverbs in this book .. g. The thing done thoroughly and with dispatch. [3, p. 147] grey cub s eyes had not been open long, yet already he could see with steady clearness. [3, p. 63] vary in their structure and meaning. That s why there are many different classifications of adverbs.accordance with their word-building structure adverbs may be simple and derived.observe many simple and derived adverbs in the novel White Fang. This can be demonstrated by the following examples.adverbs: .g. After several experiences, White Fang was to be let alone. [3, p. 151]
Here and there he could see one curled up in the snow like a dog, taking the sleep that was now denied himself. [3, p. 31] typical adverbial affixes in affixal derivation are first and foremost, the basic and only productive adverbial suffix -ly. We can find many examples of such a type of adverbs in the book.
E.g. He bristled fiercely and looked ominously across the shin-bone at White Fang. [3, p. 140] mate looked at him anxiously. [3, p. 57] gave them the seeming of ghostly masques, undertakers in a spectral world at the funeral of some ghost. [3, p. 7] got out of bed carefully, so as not to disturb the sleep of his comrade, and threw more wood on the fire. [3, p. 12]
Small group of adverbs are formed by adding the derivational suffix --wise to nouns.
E.g. Grey Beaver s wrath was terrible; likewise was White Fang s fright. [3, p. 111] he ignored them. [3, p. 131] brushed her nose her paws, trying to dislodge the fiery darts, thrust it into the snow, and rubbed it against twigs and branches and all the time leaping about, ahead, sidewise, up and down, in a frenzy of pain and fright. [3, p. 61] comes a smaller group of adverbs formed by the addition of the derivational suffix -ward (s) to a limited group of nouns..g. Beauty Smith s remaining leg left the ground, and his whole body seemed to lift into the air as he turned over backward and stuck the snow. [3, p. 187] soured upward with a swift rush, till it reached its topmost note. [3, p. 7] had not rushed forward after the manner of the dogs. [3, p. 212] came back to the bag afterward an got m his fish. [3, p. 9] can also find some examples of adverbs formed by adding the less derivational suffix - way (s) .. g. He swung the club smartly, stopping the rush midway and smashing White Fang ...
