paste for teeth). Classif-n acc to: Type of composition (1compound formed by juxtaposition of elements sunset , 2 with a vowel or cons as a linking element speedometer , 3with linking elements-prep, conj stems son-in-law, up-to-date ). Structure (1 consis of simple stems filmstar , 2derived stems chain-smok er , 3 clipped stem maths-mistress , 4abbrev as a stem which is read as a full-stem X-mas , 5 1 of the components-compound stem wastepaper basket . PSp : 1 compound N-N + N sunbeam , Vstem + N looking glass , Adj + N blackboard , V + postpositive black out . 2Comp Adj-Nstem + Adj stem seasick , Adj + Adj red hot , N + PrtI peace-loving , Adj + PrtI hard -working , N + PrtII man-made . Derivat compounds are based on some productive patterns. 1 set DC with-er left-hander , 2 set DC with-ed kind- heated . 1 may distinguish into 4 patterns: Nstem + Vstem + er = mill owner, N + N + er = honeymooner, Numeral stem + Nstem + er = first nighter, V + Adj + er = do-gooder. 2 nd : Adj + N + ed = absentminded, Numeral + N + ed = one-eyed, N + N + ed = heart shaped.
Voc Paradigm . Vocab-syst formed by the sum total of all the wrds of the lang. debates about whether vocab is a system. 1) Paradigmatic (= in lang system)/vertical relations - of 2 kinds: exterior and intertior. Exterior : relation b/w diff independent wrds, united by their meaning (synon-s, ant-s). Lexico-semantic groups (?)-Same part of speech higher level than syn-s. ex: names of means of tranp-t. Interior : diff mean of one and the same polysem-c wrd (metaph, metonymy) 2) Syntagmatic (= in speech )-horizontal relations : relat-s b/w wrds in a certain stretch of speech and context. Context- min stretch of speech necessary and suffic-t to determine which the possible meanings is realized. Synt-c relat-ns are studied by means of contextual, distributional (combinatorial abilities of wrds) and transformational (transform of diff structures) analysis. 1) and 2) are interrelated. Homonyms -wrds identical in sound & spelling (or in 1 aspect), but dif in meaning (bank = shore, bank = institution). H-accidental creations, source of humor. Single out: H proper - same in sound & spelling. Homophones - same in sound, dif in spelling (piece, peace). Homographs - same in spelling, dif in sound (tear {tea} v., tear {tie} n). Sources of H: 1 Phonetic changes-at 1 st pronounced diff-lyadeveloped identical sound forms (night, knight in OE k pronounced ). 2Borrowing-in a group rite, n-write, v-right, adj-2,3 native orig, 1Latin. 3 W-building, conversion (same sound & spel, but refer to dif PSp, to comb-comb). 4 Shortening-type of w-building (fan = admirer,? From fanatic.Its homonym-Latin fan = device 4 cooling) .5 Sound imitation-mew-sound, sea gull. ! In all cases-accidentally, conversion-exception, (1 from the other)! 6 Originate form dif meaning of 1 wrd. Classif-n by Smirnitsky: 1full homonyms (wrds of the same category of PSp, have the same paradigm when wrds r unchangeable , match, n-game, short piece of wood. 2Partial h, 3 subgr:-Simple lex-gram partial h, belong to the same PSp, paradigms have 1 identical form (found, v, found, v-Past Ind),-Compl lex-gram partial h, dif PSp, 1 identical form in paradigms (rose, n, rose Past ind.), - Partial lex h, same PSp, identical in corresponding forms (to hang-hung-hung, to hang-hanged-hanged).
Modes of Meaning Change (Spec, Gen, Metaph, Meton ). The change of the semant structure of a wrd is a source of quality & quantitative develop of the voc. 4 types of semant change. 1Spec-n , investigated by Nikitin-a process when a wrd acquires a new meaning which is narrower logically in its reference to the basic meaning. Ex: Case-1occurence, 2gram category, 3 instance of a disease. 1-general, others-specified. These are all cases-medical, juridical, gram. Sn, its denot change may be accompanied by connot modifications, which can be expressed in the process-amelioration & pejoration, they are socially determined. Amelior-queen = woman (midE) a female monarch, royal woman. Pejo-midE knave = boy, servant boy, rascal. Sn used in terminology: cell = biological cell, prison, room of monks . 2Gener-n - the meaning of a new notion is broader than that of the original. 'Ready' in midE = ready for horse-riding, meant 'ready for a ride'a ready, prepared for sth. (Ex: Gold = золото (gener), медаль (spec)). 3 In ling-cs-transform of meaning based on associations of similarity or on contiguity. Metaphor - a transfer of name based on the assoc of similarity, hidden comparison. Functional class-n:-poetic (a delicate rose),-linguistic ...
