trite, if frequently used in a lang may loose its expressive form (leg of a table),-dead, when metaphorical basis has been lost. Semantic class-n:-met determined by the similarity of shape (a ball = short thick man),-simil of appearance (a flower-a beautiful woman),-simil of behavior (a tiger-brave),-simil of quality ,-antropomorphical (a needle-eye-вушко),-analogy b w space & time (long speech),-transition of proper names into common (Vandals-1germ tribes, 2who cause damage). 4 Metonymy - refer to one thing as if it were some other (read Shakespeare). Class-n: casual, local, temporal, attributal, synecdoche. These are general. Within the 1 type patterns:-symmetric (committee-комітет, засідання комітету),-asymmetric, have only 1 way of realization, an action is used as a result of an action (investigation-дослідження, об'єкт дослід ). Synecdoche-a part is substituted for a whole or a whole for a part (police civil force, a man came to arrest him). Ling metaph & meton are diff from literary devices: 1 comparison is forgotten, no other name for a thing (foot of a mountain), 2 - author's imagination. Voc-flexible part of the lang. Causes of semant change:-Lling-influencing the process of voc adaptation may be of paradig and syntagmatic character; in dealing with them we have to do with the constant interaction and interdependence of voc units in lang. -Extraling.lang affected by social, polit, econom, cultural changes a changes in notions, influence the semant aspect of lang. (Black box-term of aviation, unit the principle of action of which we don't know). /Td>
Paradigm relations (Syn, Ant). SYN - imp expressive means, function-to represent same phenomenon in dif shades & variations. Problem of criteria. Conceptual criterion : S-wrds of the same category pf PSp conveying the same concept but differing either in shades of meaning or in styl char-cs. Criticised-use of the term 'concept' makes it extraling definition. Semantic c .: suggests method of analys syn with the help of dictionary definitions (info from dict-s is analyzed comparatively). C of interchangeability : S-wrds which r interchangeable at least in some contexts. Criticised. Each S creates entirely new situation. a Dif to accept it as a criterion. If they r interch-useless in the voc. Wrds with half-erased connot, wh can be substituted 1 for another, but not totally interch. Classif-n : Vinogradov-3 types-ideographic (convey same concept, dif in shades of m),-stylistic (dif in styl chara-cs),-absolute (coincide in all shades & styl char-cs). Absolute S-anomalous, temporaryavoc sys tends to get rid of them or develop differentiat char-cs. Term 'shades of m'-vague. No rigid diff b w syn differing in their shades & in styl char-cs. There are numerous syn which are distinguished by both shades & styl coloring. asubdivision into ideogr & styl-open to?. There wrds wh are rude, too impolite a euphemisms . Dictated by social convention. Ex: lavatory = powder room, restroom, pregnancy = interesting condition, delicate condition, expecting. E.used to avoid social taboos. Oldest type of syn. Used long before the need to describe shades. In the Christian religion-devil became taboo = the prince of darkness, the evil one. Taboos connected with death-die = to pass away, ti kick the bucket, to join the silent majority. Mental disease-mad = insane, mentally unstable. Other source of S-borrowed from Fr, by means of all w-forming processes. ANT - wrds of the same lang, same PSp & same semant field, identical in style, buttheir denotative meanings render contrary notions. Contradictory-notions opposed & denying each other (alive-dead) if use 'not'0semant equivalent. Contrary - opposed but they are gradable (love-liking-indifference-antipathy - hate). Class-n based on morph approach-absolute (right-wrong),-derivational (+ negative affix) happy-unhappy. Conversives-denote same situation as viewed from dif points. (Buy-sell, give-receive). The substitution of a C doesn't change the meaning, but necessary to make synt changes (He gave her flowers. - She received flowers from him). Homonyms -wrds identical in sound & spelling (or in 1 aspect), but dif in meaning (bank = shore, bank = institution). H-accidental creations, source of humor. Single out: H proper - same in sound & spelling. Homophones - same in sound, dif in spelling (piece, peace). Homographs - same in spelling, dif in sound (tear {tea} v., tear {tie} n). Sources of H: 1 Phonetic changes-at 1 st pronounced diff-lyadeveloped identical sound forms (night, knight in OE k pronounced ). 2Borrowing-in a group rite, n-write, v-right, adj-2,3 native orig, 1Latin. 3 W-building, conversion (same sound & spel, but refer to dif PSp, to comb-comb). 4 Shortening-type of w-bui...
