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[?] is an interdental, voiceless, fortis fricative. The phoneme does not have any distributional variants. It occurs in word-initial, medial and final position. It is produced with the tip of the tongue between the teeth, the air escaping through the passage in between. It is a sound difficult to pronounce for Turkish speakers who often mistake it for [s] or even [t]. The sound exists in other European languages ??too, such as Spanish or Greek, the symbol used in the IPA alphabet being in fact borrowed from the Greek alphabet. The sound is rendered graphically by h: e.g. thin, method, path. The sound often occurs in clusters difficult to pronounce: eighths [e? T? S], depths [dep? S], lengths [le?? S].
[?] is the voiced pair of [?] being an interdental, voiced, lenis fricative. In initial position it is only distributed in grammatical words such as demonstratives: this, that, these, those, there; articles: the; adverbs: thus. It occurs freely in medial position: brother, bother, rather, heathen. In final position it often represents the voicing of [?] In plurals like mouths [mau.z], wreaths [ri:. Z] which may prove difficult to pronounce, or in derived words like bath [ba:?] (Noun)/bathe [be?.] (verb) or breath [bre?] (n.) / breathe [bri:.] (v.). The sound is always spelt th, like its voiceless counterpart. [S] is an alveolar, voiceless, fortis fricative, produced with the blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, a sound quite similar to its Turkish counterpart. It is a hissing sound distributed in all major positions: at the beginning, within and at the end of a word. It is in fact the only obstruent sound in English that can occur in front of another obstruent, provided the latter is voiceless: eg spot, stop, skin. [S] is the plural allomorph for nouns ending in a voiceless consonant as well as the allomorph of the 3rd person singular present indicative morpheme. It is spelt s, ss or c in front of e, i or y: eg sour, say, hiss, assign, ceiling, cellar, cigarette, precise, cypress, bicycle. Sometimes the spelling can be sce, sci or scy (eg science, scent, scene, scythe). s is silent in words like corps, island, viscount.
[z] is the voiced, lenis, alveolar fricative that corresponds to the voiceless [s]. It is quite similar to its Turkish counterpart, but it plays a more important role in English as it is one of the main allomorphs of the plural morpheme (distributed after a voiced consonant or a vowel). Like its voiceless counterpart, [z] is a hissing sound, produced with a high-pitched friction.when these sounds are articulated the air is expelled through a narrow groove along the middle of the blade they are also called grooved fricatives. Together with the more retracted, alveo-palatal fricatives and with the affricate sounds they are called sibilants. The sound is spelt [z] It is often spelt s when the sound does not occur in initial positon eg nose, easy, desire), and, exceptionally, tz in tzar. Similarly, when it marks the plural of nouns ending in a voiced sound (eg boys, balls, ribs) or when it is the voiced allomorph of the 3rd person singular present indicative of verbs ending in a voiced sound (eg plays, calls, adds ) the spelling is s. Exceptionally, the sound can be spelt double ss in words like dissolve, possess. [?] Is an alveopalatal, voiceless, fortis fricative consonant. The uttering f this sound should not raise any particular problems for Tur...
