ich can among others denote "the way of presentation" the social or aesthetic, moral etc. background, icthe trend of the source language work in the target language.
No less ambiguous remains the term "free interpretation" which is employed to denote any rendering of the essentials of content of some written or oral/recorded matter. Besides, "free interpretation" is used to denote a strongly subjective conveying of the sense, the structural, stylistic or artistic peculiarities characteristic of a source language work/text (ie Вільний переклад, Вільний переказ).
Finally "free interpretation" may denote a free adaptation of foreign literatures works to other national literatures like that of I. P. Kotlyarevsky's Eneid which has very little in common with Vergil's work. br/>
2 Significance of translation and interpreting
The importance of translating and interpreting in modern society has long been recognized. Practically not a single contact at the international level or even between two persons speaking different languages can be established or maintained without the help of translators or interpreters.
Equally important is translating and interpreting for the functioning of different international bodies (conferences, symposia, congresses etc.) to say nothing about bodies like the World Piece Council or the United Nations Organizations with its councils, assemblies, commissions, committees, sub-committees. These can function smoothly only thanks to an army of translation and interpreters representing different states and working in many different national languages.
Numerous branches of national economies too can keep up with the up-to-date development and progress in the modern world thanks to everyday translating/interpreting of scientific and technical matter covering various fields of human knowledge and activities. The latter comprise nuclear sciences, exploration of outer space, ecological environment, plastics, mining, chemistry, biology, medicine, machine building, electronics linguistics, etc. Nowadays translation of scientific and technical matter has become a most significant and reliable source of obtaining all-round and up-to-date information on the progress in various fields of science and technology.
The social and political role of translation/interpreting has probably been most strongly felt for the last hundred years or so. Since the birth of Marxism in the second half of the 19th century and Leninism in the 20th century translation has acquired an extraordinary significance providing for the dissemination of revolutionary materialistic ideas and philosophy in the minds of proletarian and working masses throughout the world.
Translating is also a perfect means of sharing achievements and enriching national literatures and cultures. The many translations of the best prose, poetry and drama works of world's famous authors into different national languages ​​provide a vivid illustration of this permanent process. Due to masterly translations the works by W. Shakespeare, W. Scott, G. G. Byron, P. B. Shelley, C. Dickens, W. Theckeray, H.W. Longfellow, Mark Twain, J. London, T. Dreiser and many other authors have become part of many national literatures. The works by Ukrainian authors have also been translated into English and some other languages, the process being increasingly intensified with each passing decade after the Great Revolution. As a result when before 1917 a few poems by Taras Shevchenko were translated and published in English outside our country. Brilliant works by Lesya Ukrainka, Ivan Franko, Mykhailo Kotsyubinskiy, Vasyl Stefanyk, Andrii Holovko, Oles Honchar became available for foreign readers.
But whatever the kind of the matter (belles-lettres, scientific or technical, didactic, etc.) and irrespective of the form in which it is performed (written or oral) the linguistic significance of translation remains unchanged. It promotes enriching the lexicon of the target language. As a result of the unceasing translating/interpreting throughout the world the wordstock of national languages ​​is constantly increasingly. Thousands of words being originally specific national notions only have become an integral part of practically each language's lexicon. Hence one one can speak of translating/interpreting as a means of enriching the lexicon of national languages ​​too. But it is not only the wordstock of languages ​​that is constantly (and most evidently) enlarged due to translating/interpreting. Many stylistic figures of speech, ways of saying and even (though rather rarely) syntactic structures are brought to target languages ​​through translating/interpreting. It can be proved by the existence of a lot of words and word-combinations having in different languages ​​the same or similar lingual form and identical lex...
