ical meaning: leader лідер, box бокс, boycott бойкот, sport спорт, borshch борщ, borzoi хорта, deep gratitude глибока Вдячність, black ingratitude чорна Вдячність.
Whole sentence structures have been adopted in the process of translating/interpreting. He laughs best who laughs last - Тієї сміється Найкраще, хто сміється останнім; Strike the iron while it is hot - Куй залізо, доки гаряче.
All that can also be a testimony to the versatile influence of language contrasts. But whatever the origin, the structural identify of word - Groups and sentences facilities their translation from English into Ukrainian or vice versa.
3 Translation in teaching of foreign languages ​​
Translation as means of teaching foreign languages ​​has no independent means of translating only. Still translating in a foreign language teacher's arsenal should not be ignored completely since in many a case it remains not only the most effective but also the only teaching means for achieving the necessary aim. That is why translating is often resorted to in the following cases:
1. When introducing abstract lexical notions which cannot easily be explained in a descriptive way or by actions (gestures): think, hate, love, actual, invincible, generally, peace, turn, etc.
2. In order to save time and avoid diverting the attention of students by lengthily explanation of the meaning of words, word-combinations or sentences in the process of reading or listening to an unfamiliar passage.
3. When checking the comprehension of the lexical material (New words, expressions) and in order to avoid the unnecessary ambiguity which may arise in the process of teaching through pictures since a picture of a tree, for example, may be understood as "a tree" or a kind of tree (oak-tree, birch-tree, pine-tree, etc.).
4. To explain while introducing (usually at the initial stage of learning) the new grammar/phonetical material especially the phenomena which do not exist in the native tongue (eg the continuous or the perfect forms of the verb, the tunes in questions, etc.).
5. When revising the lexical or grammar material studied at the lesson/at previous lessons in answering questions like "What is the Ukrainian/English for the "gerund," the "continuous/the perfect forms of the verb? "
6. While discriminating the meaning of synonyms or antonyms of the foreign languages.
7. To control the knowledge of students in written and oral tests on lexical or grammar material.
8. When introducing phraseology which is quite impossible to teach and learn otherwise than on the basis of translating.
9. Before learning any text by heart (poems, excerpts of prose, the roles of characters in plays).
10. When dealing with the figures of speech like metaphors, epithets, similes, hyperboles, etc. in the process of reading or translating the belles-lettres passages at the advanced stage.
11. When comparing the expressive means in the source language to those in the target language, etc.
Translating helps the student to master the expressive means in the source language and the corresponding means in the target language. In the process of translating the students establish sets of equivalent substitutes in the target language for the corresponding lexical, grammatical or stylistic phenomena of the source language. No wonder that the students at any stage of learning a foreign language when not understanding some word, word-combination or sentence always resorts to intuitive translating of it.
4 Descriptive and Antonymic Translating
One must bear in mind that it is the notional meaning of the source language unit and not its morphological nature or structural form that is to be conveyed in the target language. As a result the target language unit which equivalently/faithfully conveys the denotative/connotative meaning of the corresponding source language unit may not necessarily belong to the same stratification level. Depending on the notion expressed by the source language word/lexeme it may be conveyed in the target language sometimes through a word-combination or even through a sentence i.e. descriptively: indulge делать Собі пріємність у Чомусь, віддаватіся втіхам; infamous тієї (та, те), что має ганебну славу; inessentials предметів не Першої необхідності, предмети роскоші; вщерть up to the brim, full to the brim, в'язи the nape of one's head, the back of the head; окраєць crust of a loaf, hunk of a bread; окрівіті (осліпнуті) to become lame (grow blind).
Therefore the descriptive way of conveying the sense of language units implies their structural transformation which is necessary to explain their meaning with the help of hierarchically different target language units.
Descriptive translating/interpreting is very ofte...
