specific enzymes which have the capacity for producing highest amounts of the particular enzymes desired. Commercial enzymes are produced from strains of molds, bacteria, and yeasts. [1] the development of the science of biochemistry has come a fuller understanding of the wide range of enzymes present in living cells and of their modes of action. Without enzymes, there can be no life. Although enzymes are only formed in living cells, many can be separated from the cells and can continue to function in vitro. This unique ability of enzymes to perform their specific chemical transformations in isolation has led to an ever-increasing use of enzymes in industrial and food processes, in bioremediation, and in medicine, and their production is collectively termed enzyme technology . activity of an enzyme is due to its catalytic nature. An enzyme carries out its activity without being consumed in the reaction, and the reaction occurs at a very much higher rate when the enzyme is present. Enzymes are highly specific and function only on designated types of compounds - the substrates.
Table 1. Application of enzymes in different industries
Industry segmentEnzymesChemical (s) replacedProcess (es) DetergentsLipases, proteases, cellulases, amylasesPhosphates, silicates, surfactantsHigh temperature, energyTextileAmylases, cellulases, catalasesAcids, alkali, oxidizing agents, reducing agentsEnergy, reduced machine wearStarch (ie high fructose, corn syrup, fuel ethanol, etc.) Amylases, pullulanases, glucose isomerasesAcidsHigh temperatures LeatherProteases, lipasesSulfides, surfactantsHigh temperaturesFeedXylanases, lipasesPhosphorusLower environmental phosphate and waste (manure) levelsFilm silver recoveryProteasesRecovery of silver from used film catalytic function of the enzyme is due not only to its primary molecular structure but also to the intricate folding configuration of the whole enzyme molecule. It is this configuration which endows the protein with its specific catalytic function; disturb the configuration by, for example, a change in pH or temperature, and the activity can be lost.of their specificity, enzymes can differentiate between chemicals with closely related structures and can catalyse reactions over a wide range of temperatures (0-110 o C) and in the pH range 2-14. In industrial applications this can result in high-quality products, fewer by-products and simpler purification procedures. Furthermore, enzymes are non-toxic and biodegradable (an attractive green issue) and can be produced especially from microorganisms in large amounts without the need for special chemical-resistant equipment.technology embraces production, isolation, purification and use in soluble ...
