of articulation. 2. In the place of articulation. 3. In the position of the soft palate. 4. In the direction of the air stream.
According to the type of obstruction and the manner of noise production.
) According to the type of obstruction, all English consonants are divided into occlusive and constrictive.
Occlusive consonants are produced with a complete obstruction formed by the articulating organs, when the airflow is blocked in the mouth cavity.
Constrictive consonants are produced with an incomplete or restricted obstruction, that is by a narrowing of the airflow.
Occlusive consonants may be: (1) noise and (2) sonorants.
the production of occlusive sonorants organs of speech form a complete obstruction in the mouth cavity, which is not released. The soft palate is lowered and the air escapes through the nasal cavity. In occlusive sonorants tone prevails over noise.Turkish occlusive sonorants are: [m], [n].
b) According to the manner of noise production, occlusive noise consonants are divided into plosive consonants (or stops) and affricates.
the production of occlusive plosives (or stops) active organs of speech form a complete obstruction to the airflow, which is then released with a plosion. the English language voiceless occlusive plosives [p, t, k] are aspirated, with the exception of the case when they are preceded by [s], like in clusters [sp, st, sk]. Turkish occlusive plosives are: [p, b, t, d, k «, k» g «, g» ]. The production of occlusive affricates active organs of speech form a complete obstruction, which is then released so slowly that a considerable friction takes place at the point of articulation.Turkish occlusive affricates are: [C], [G] and [ts] . consonants may also be: (1) noise and (2) sonorants.
In the production of noise constrictives active organs of speech form an incomplete or restricted obstruction.Turkish noise constrictives are: [f, v, s, z, S, Z, h]. the production of constrictive sonorants the air-passage is fairly wide, so that the air passing through the mouth does not produce audible friction and tone prevails over noise.) According to the manner of noise production, constrictive sonorant consonants are divided into lateral consonants and median.
In the production of median sonorants the air escapes without audible friction over the central part of the tongue, the sides of the tongue being raised. English median constrictive sonorants are: [w, r, j]; Turkish - [r, j]. The production of lateral sonorants the tongue is pressed against the alveolar ridge or the teeth, and the sides of the tongue are lowered, leaving the air-passage flow along them. English lateral constrictive sonorants are: [l ', l]; in Turkish - [l].
According to the active organ of speech and the place of obstruction.
According to the active organ of speech, English consonants are devided into three groups: labial, lingual and glottal.
1. Labial consonants are articulated with one or both lips and, therefore, may be (A) bilabial and (B) labio-dental.
Bilabial consonants are articulated with both lips, upper and lower. The Eng...
