lish bilabial consonants are: [m, p, b]; the Turkish bilabial consonants are: [m, p, b].
(B) Labio-dental consonants are articulated with the lower lip against the upper teeth. The English labio-dental consonants are [f], [v], and the Turkish labio-dental consonants are: [f, v].
2. Lingual consonants are articulated with the tongue and may be (A) forelingual, (B) mediolingual, and (C) backlingual.
Forelingual consonants are articulated with the tip or the blade of the tongue, they may fall into two subgroups: a) apical and b) cacuminal.
Apical consonants are articulated by the tip of the tongue against either the upper teeth or the alveolar ridge. The English apical consonants are: [T], [D], [t], [d], [I], [n], [s], [z], the Turkish [t, d, n, l, s , z].
Cacuminal consonants are articulated by the tip of the tongue raised against the back part of the alveolar ridge. The front of the tongue is lowered in a «spoon-shaped» form; the English [r].
(B) Mediolingual consonants are articulated with the front of the tongue against the hard palate. For English and Turkish the mediolingual consonat is [j].
(C) Backlingual consonants are articulated by the back of the tongue against the soft palate. The English backlingual consonants are: [k], [g], [N], and the Turkish - [[k «], [k], [g»], [g].) According to the place of obstruction, English consonants are divided into (1) dental (interdental or post-dental), (2) alveolar, (3) palato-alveolar, (4) post-alveolar, (5) palatal, and (6) velar.
Dental consonants are articulated against the upper teeth either with the tip or with the blade of the tongue. The English [T], [D], or with the blade of the tongue, the Turkish [t], [t '].
Alveolar consonants are articulated by thetip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge: such English consonants as [t], [d], [n], [l], [s], [z], and Turkish - [t, d, s, z, l , n, r, ts].
(3) Palato-alveolar consonants are articulated by the tip and blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge or the back part of the alveolar ridge, while the front of the tongue is raised in the direction of the hard palate: the English [S], [Z], [C], [G], and the Turkish [Z, S].
Post-alveolar consonants are articulated by the tip of the tongue against the back part of the alveolar ridge: the English [r].
Palatal consonants are articulated by the front of the tongue being raised in the direction of the hard palate: the English, Turkish [j].
Velar consonants are articulated by the back or root of the tongue raised in the direction of the velum, or against the uvula; the English [k, g, N], the Turkish [k «, k, g», g].
The correspondence between the active organ of speech and the place of obstruction for the English forelingual consonants see in Table 4.2 given below.
2. Active organ of speech vs. place of obstruction
Active org. / place of obstructionForelingualMediolingualBacklingualDental / Interdentald, tAlveolar t, d, n, l, s, zAlveolar-palatal c, g, s, zPost-alveolarrPalataljVelark, g, n
According to the work of the vocal cords and the force of articulation
According to the work of the ...
